The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

"The Merchant of Venice" by WIlliam Shakespeare. "The Merchant of Venice" is a play about revenge, justice, deseption and friendship. The story is about, Shylock a wealth Jew, lending one of his enemies, Antonoi, three thousand ducats. Although Antonio is a rich merchant all his resources are in his ships, trading too distant countries, but because he wants to help out his friend, Bassanio, he has no choice but to ask Shylock for a loan , not to know it could lead to his death. In this play there is a big difference between the Christian charaters and Shylock, the main difference being Shylock seems to be more interested in his money and business rather than human relationships, which the Christian charaters seem to b e more interested in. However, in one part of the play Shylock seems to be hurt at the fact his daughter has sold a ring, which his deceases wife gave him, for a monkey. (Act 3 Scene 1 ) " It was my turquoise, I had it off Leah when i was a bachelor. I Would not have given it for a Wilderness of monkeys. " This shows a side to Shylock that we have never seen. It shows the love he had and still has for his deceased wife Leah. Shylock shows how hurt and betrayed he feels that his daughter has sold his ring by saying that he wouldn't had given it away for a " wilderness of monkeys ". Another theme in the play that Shylock brings out is predjudice. He judges people before he gives them a chance to show what they are really like. He has different veiws on different characters depanding on who they are. ( Act 1 Scene 3 ) "I hat him for he is a Christian" This shows how he feels against antonio , a Christian whom he has never met and it shows how prejudice he can be. In one part of the play Shylock shows a side to him we have never seen before. Instead if seeing him as the man who is greedy and

Pros and Cons in Teenage Pregnancy

How to prevent teen pregnancy has been a question for many years. Many people take having a baby as a joke. Getting pregnant and having a child involves many prose and cons. In the prevention of teen pregnancy there are many things that can be helpful. There are also other helpful ways to prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex education and birth control. All of these things are essential in the prevention of teen pregnancy. Refraining from sexual activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a disease. In the past years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Most teens have sex because of their friends being sexually active. The percentage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. A National Survey of Family Growth stated that teens are having less sex. Avoiding sex and learning more about sex are good ways to assure your knowledge and decrease teen pregnancy. Traditionally children have received information about sexuality from their parents, church, friends, their doctors, and many other people. Many young teens learn about their bodies first. Many people believe that sex education being taught in schools assures children of correct and complete information about sexuality. Sex education starts in the primaries and continues through the secondary school. At the primary school stage, sex education teaches children about their bodies and attempts to promote a whole attitude towards the self-development process. During these years teachers attempt to correct any false ideas children may have learned about sex. At the beginning of secondary school teachers try to prepare students for puberty. For example, the children learn about nocturnal emissions, menstruation and changes that will take place in their bodies, they also learn and study reproduction. Further up the school, most young adult†s interest in sex increases, so they learn more about responsibility, and having relationships between members of the opposite sex. In secondary school, pupils learn more about the social and psychological aspects of sexuality. Many other subjects come up at this time in a teenager†s life, such as marriage, abortion, homosexuality, birth control, and other topics. Sex education is very importance to the teenage generation. Birth control is the control of birth or of childbearing by deliberate measures to control or prevent conception, contraception. An understanding of birth control requires some knowledge of human reproduction. Sexually, coming from a man millions of sperm are released into the woman's vagina. If an egg is there sperm travelling through a woman's fallopian tube will be fertilised by the sperm. Most birth control methods are made to prevent contraceptives. The most effective contraceptive method is surgical sterilisation. In many developing nations hormone drugs are injected into the body. Studies show that those methods are becoming effective, because the teenage pregnancy rate has dropped by 11%. Birth control is important to teenagers, and they should be used if a teen should become sexually active. Parents should remember to teach their children about birth control always, just in case a teenager should become curious and decide to have sex. In conclusion a teen pregnancy has a hard effect on society, in many ways. Most teen pregnancies were not planned. Surveys say about 65% of teen pregnancy's were not even discussed with their sexual partners. All of the other percentage of teen pregnancy's were not planned either, but it had been discussed with the teenagers sexual partner at some point in time. Most teenagers begin having sex without knowing the consequences. Teenagers need to take responsibility and remember to keep safe, because there are various ways to prevent teen pregnancy, for example abstinence, sex education, and various types of birth control.

Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Essay - 1763 Words

Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Feminism today remains prominent because even while women’s rights are very strong, women are still fighting for equality every day. In the time of Anne Bradstreet, women had few rights and they were seen as inferior to men. Anne lived among the puritans whom ruled her everyday life. Although it was against the puritan code for women to receive an education, Bradstreet’s father, Thomas Dudley, loved his daughter dearly and made sure that she was well educated which shows in her works. Anne Bradstreet’s literature became well known only because her family published her works under a male name. This was done because writing poetry was a serious offense to the puritans since poetry was†¦show more content†¦(239) In addition, in this quote, Bradstreet acknowledges that even if her writing skills are extraordinary, that because she is a woman, no one will accept it or believe it. In addition, Bradstreet expressed a need for equality. She wanted people to take a step back and glimpse back to history, â€Å"Let Greeks be Greeks, and women what they are;† (240). In Greece, women were equal among men, as were the Gods and Goddesses. In the seventh stanza of â€Å"The Prologue,† Bradstreet gives her most strong cry out for recognition, still however, it is subtle, â€Å"Men have precedeny and still excel,/ It is but vain unjustly to wage war;/men can do best, and women know it well/ Preeminence in all and each is yours;/ Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours† (240). Also in this quote is Bradstreet’s observance of men in their natural state. She sees men as war hungry, vain and powerful. Consequently, Anne Bradstreet faced a double bind. If she voiced her thoughts, opinions, and beliefs, she would have put herself in danger, and by not saying anything, she would force herself to go on living in a patriarchy. Bradstreet apologized in her poetry for writing as a woman. This can be see in â€Å"The Prologue,† in the first stanza. To sing of wars, of captains, and of kings,/ Of cities founded, commonwealths begun,/ For my mean pen are too superior things: / Or how they all, orShow MoreRelatedThe Genesis Of Feminism By Anne Bradstreet1181 Words   |  5 PagesPaper #1 English 2510 Courtney Knight October 1, 2015 The Genesis of Feminism As a woman living in a very patriarchal society, Anne Bradstreet uses reverse psychology to present her beliefs and opinions. Bradstreet’s poems show her reality, and possibly the coping mechanisms of living in a world where men were favored above women. Bradstreet’s poems are full of female strength and presence, it is almost held back by her puritan roots and roles as a woman in the 1800s. I can see the conflict withinRead MoreGender Roles In Colonial America1246 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles were passed from generation to generation with many limitations for women. Despite these limitations, many women were comfortable in their roles. The lifestyles of these women have directly impacted today’s society in the form of the feminist movement. Gender Roles were forced upon people at a young age. Fathers would teach their sons â€Å"how to be a man† which included having power, being educated, contributing to the community, participating in government, owning property, and controllingRead MoreAn Analysis of Anne Bradstreets The Prologue Essay1719 Words   |  7 PagesAnne Bradstreets poem, The Prologue, portrays the struggles of being a woman in a Puritan society. She realized that in a Puritan society, women were not meant to speak their mind and have strong opinions. With this poem she acknowledges her role as a woman in society even if she doesnt agree with it. Anne Bradstreet shows her recognition of mens supposed superiority in that time period with this line: Men can do best, and women know it well (40). Regardless of her acknowledgment of herRead MoreFeminist Poets Like Emily Dickinson And Anne Bradstreet881 Words   |  4 PagesPuritans). But, slowly and gradually, situation being changed: â€Å"Durin g the first half of the 19th century, women s roles in society evolved in the areas of occupational, moral, and social reform. Through efforts such as factory movements, social reform, and women s rights, their aims were realized and foundations for further reform were established† (Lauter 1406). Feminist poets like Emily Dickinson and Anne Bradstreet talked substantially about feminism in different lights in the past two centuriesRead MoreWomen s Role For Literature887 Words   |  4 PagesPuritans). But, slowly and gradually, situation being changed: â€Å"During the first half of the 19th century, women s roles in society evolved in the areas of occupational, moral, and social reform. Through efforts such as factory movements, social reform, and women s rights, their aims were realized and foundations for further reform were established† (Lauter 1406). Feminist poets like Emily Dickinson and Anne Bradstreet talked substantially about feminism in different lights i n the past two centuriesRead MoreAnne Bradstreet Is One Of The Earliest American Poets,1760 Words   |  8 PagesAnne Bradstreet is one of the earliest American poets, and she’s read today as the first feminist in literature. While there are arguments as to why this could be true, I present an argument that Bradstreet cannot be read as a feminist, especially within her earlier works. In her later writing, her feminist identity becomes more real and plausible. Looking at two of her works, â€Å"The Prologue† and â€Å"The Author to Her Book,† both written at different times in Bradstreet’s life, one can see how Bradstreet’sRead MoreAnne Bradstreet s The New World1385 Words   |  6 PagesAnne Bradstreet is revered as America’s first female poet and the first published poet of the New World. Born in England in 1612, Anne immigrated to the New World with waves of Puritan refugees escaping Angelican and Catholic persecution (Gordon, 88). As a successful mother of 8 children and a loyal housewife, Anne embodied the ideal Puritan woman. Yet, Bradstreet defied several Puritan social codes, namely writing in a time women were considered inferior to men. It was seen as an affront to GodRead More Anne Brandstreet and Female Identity Essay533 Words   |  3 Pages There are not many â€Å"major† female writers in American Literature, and writing, traditionally, has always been viewed as a masculine activity. It is therefore very interesting, and even ironic, that the first author published in the newly established Puritan society on the American soil, Anne Bradstreet, was a female. Indeed, Bradstreets poems are filled with female presence. However, I also sense that Bradstreet’s feminism is held in check by her Puritan values, and there is a conflictRead MoreReview Of Upon The Burning Of Our House By Anne Bradstreet2061 Words   |  9 Pagesattributes to many poets’ fame. Anne Bradstreet is an example of one of these types of writers. Her poem, Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666, describes one of the most devastating life events that one can go through and was her claim to fame. Anne Bradstreet’s tragic life led her to a very successful career that would change the literary world for years to come . Anne Bradstreet was born on March 20, 1612 in the town of Northampton, England (â€Å"Bradstreet Biography†). She was born into theRead MoreEssay On Anne Bradstreet2057 Words   |  9 Pagesstill fighting for equality every day. In the time of Anne Bradstreet, women had few rights and they were seen as inferior to men. Anne lived among the puritans whom ruled her everyday life. Although it was completely against the puritan code for women to receive an education, Anne Bradstreet’s father, Thomas Dudley, loved his daughter very much and did everything he could to make sure that she was well educated which shows in her works. Anne Bradstreet’s literature became well known only because

Historical Analysis, Discourse, And Frame Analysis

By using a mixed set of methodological methods that includes statistical analysis, historical analysis, discourse analysis, and frame analysis techniques, Beckett is able to paint a broad picture of her argument. Her use of polls and surveys demonstrates that the traditional link between public opinion and the tough on crime policies that led to mass incarceration is problematic. Her historical analysis traces the historical development of these policies highlighting the various players and actors operating and struggling for power. Finally, her discourse and frame analysis demonstrates the ways in which elites were able to utilize mass media to create a specific frame and discourse surrounding criminal behavior that played on racial fears and anxieties and helped push their agenda, whether it be increased incarceration or simply winning elections. Valocchi seems dismissive of the ability of these methods to perform queer analysis. As he points out, â€Å"Quantitative, variable-based methodologies, by contrast, assume that the indicators used to measure social processes do indeed capture something real and objective† (2005:767). He implies that non-ethnographic methods have built-in assumptions that their classification systems perfectly portray practices and motivations of those within those systems. What he fails to consider is that these methods can be used for the very purpose of highlighting these inconsistencies. The dominant ideology of criminal justice is that crimeShow MoreRelatedA Review of Nirvana for Sale by Rachelle M. Scoot Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagessituated context. Thus, the book is concerned with cultural praxis within the context of religious discourses about wealth and piety. As a piece of ethnography, the work is competent, but draws little attention to the classic anthropological methodology of participant observation, characterized by long-term engagement with local cultural practices. Instead the claims made are gathered through an analysis of publications and dialogues within the Thailand Buddhist community, mostly centered on a controversyRead MoreHow The Autonomy Of Journalists Are Affected During War Times1675 Words   |  7 Pagesmoments, lasting replacement of visuals, that leave little time for reflection and help create a ‘new memory’ of past conflicts. Hoskins describes various techniques of analysis to show how television may simplify and distort events. For example Selecting cases from Vietnam and the two Iraq conflicts (1991 and 2003), he adapts time analysis to examine time references and use of tense by the reporter. He shows how the current times are promoted in news reporting, influenced by the abruptness of realityRead MoreThe Discourse Of The Veil883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Discourse of the Veil Ahmed examines Amin’s recommendations regarding women and formed part of his thesis and how/why he believed that unveiling was key to the social transformation, which is important for unraveling the significance of the debate that his book provoked (Ahmed, 145). Ahmed discusses the origins and history as an idea of the veil which informs Western colonial discourse and 20th century-Arabic debate have several implications. The first implication is the evident connectionRead MoreAnalyzing Kessler-Harris and Scotts Views on Ge nder Issues1360 Words   |  5 PagesHarris and Scott on Gender Issues Abstract Drawing on Joan Scotts Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis and on Alice Kessler-Harriss Just price, Free Market and the Value of Women, the following questions will be answered, How has the equality of women and men been expressed according to both Scott and Kessler-Harris? Why gender has become a useful category of historical analysis for historians? How different (other) historians view gender? What are Kessler-Harriss viewsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States made a historical decision of legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this quest ion by looking atRead MoreMethods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research1580 Words   |  7 Pages15 Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Compiled by Donald Ratcliff 1. Typology - a classification system, taken from patterns, themes, or other kinds of groups of data. (Patton pp. 393,398) John Lofland Lyn Lofland Ideally, categories should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive if possible, often they aren t. Basically a list of categories. example: Lofland and Lofland s 1st edition list: acts, activities, meanings, participation, relationships, settings (in the third editionRead MoreFinal Project Proposal : Joshua Abraham Kopin1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthe more often players score, the more often your team wins baseball games. My study proposes to examine the New York Times sports pages between 1997 and 2017 as a way of testing some ideas about the nature of the changes in the discourse about baseball as that discourse has evolved over the last 20 years. Although these ideas did not necessarily take hold in professional baseball circles until the 21st century, outsiders like Bill James have been promoting non-traditional baseball statistics asRead MoreMental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis2338 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Levels of analysis This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It is unique from the term ‘unit of observation† as the former relates to an integrated set of relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels of analysis are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls under micro level and the macro level of analysis. MacroRead MoreThe Orthodox View Of The Pali Canon1605 Words   |  7 Pages The orthodox fundamentalist view of the Pali Canon by those who look to it for the foundation of their system of spirituality, religion, and culture is that the Pali Canon is the Buddhavacana, the literal word of the historical Buddha; therefore, the Pali language in which it is written is the literal language of Magadhi, where the Buddha lived and taught. In this scenario, the Pali words simply transcribe the dialogue of the living Buddha, preserved perfectly in the photographic memory of AnandaRead MoreThe Idea Of Scientific Objectivity1650 Words   |  7 PagesNot only does consciousness begin to lose clarity of its object, it also becomes displaced from it and, furthermore, from itself. It becomes, in a word, inauthentic. Consciousness is largely determined by factors outside of its control – social, historical and economic factors all contribute to an ideology which is beyond the grasp of the person who thinks ideologically. The problem for consciousness is not only its displaced relationship with its surroundings but also its displacement from its own

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Come up from the...

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Come up from the Fields Father are two war poems written in the mid 19th century. A Comparison Of Two War Poems ============================= The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Come up from the Fields Father are two war poems written in the mid 19th century. They both involve the portrayal of death for their country. Although they both tell us about death in two entirely different ways. In 1854, Mr Alfred Tennyson picked up The Times newspaper and read a report written by W .H. Russell on the Crimean war. After reading the report, Alfred, wrote a very quick poem about the happenings. This poem was to become very famous and well known for centuries to come. In comparison, Walt†¦show more content†¦The pace of the poem can be dictate how the poem is read and changes the impact on the reader. The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a very fast poem, it takes us threw a war scene in which severe death takes place, in contrast Come up from the Fields Father is a slower pace as it is telling us of a life in the country side, which is never directly affected by war. The effects are more indirect as the son, heir to the farm, is killed in service for the war effort. In Come up from the Fields Father we learn about just a single person who has fought and died in war, we are told nothing about his nobility and we see the effect of his death as being a terrible tragedy and great morning it causes. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade we learn about the amount of nobility the 600 members of the light brigade. Many knew they would die on this charge, but they showed their true patriotism by not questioning their order and showing true pride to be part of their countrys war effort. Although many more people died in this poem, it shows a lot more excitement, with none of the depression, which took place in Come up from the Fields Father. Tennyson shows a lot of rhythm and repetition in The Charge Of The Light Brigade these occur frequently and are very catchy Into the jaws of death cannon to the right of them, cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of them. We see different techniquesShow MoreRelatedRoles of Different People on Michael Oher in the Blind Side1381 Words   |  6 Pagesand writer he is today. The first influence on Michael to become successful was the Tuohy family, the first member of which is Leigh Anne. Overall, Leigh Anne Tuohy had the biggest influence on Michael as a whole. She played many roles in his life from the time they met to the present. Leigh Anne starts out being Michael’s friend and invites him to stay in her home because she realized he is homeless. She then moves to the role of his mentor where she guides Michael in the right direction to startRead MoreIndian Army5764 Words   |  24 PagesVijay, Operation Meghdoot and Operation Cactus. Apart from conflicts, the army has also been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. The Chief of Army Staff (COAS), a General, is a four star commander and commands the army. There is typically never more than one serving general at any given time in the Army. Two officers have been conferred the rank of field marshal, a 5-star rank and the officer serves as the ceremonialRead MoreAnalysis Of The Red Badge Of Courage4842 Words   |  20 Pagesreceive a sendoff from the town and be looked at as a hero. His mother instead says The Lord s will be done and continues milking the cow. The Red Badge of Courage and First-Hand Accounts of War First Person Locate a brief passage (about a paragraph in length) from The Red Badge of Courage that describes a battle scene with much confusion. Contrast it with the following third-person passage from The Successes and Failures of Chancellorsville by General Alfred Pleasonton, from The Century IllustratedRead MoreGeneral George S. Patton Leadership Traits.4861 Words   |   20 PagesGEORGE SMITH PATTON JR. ( 1885 – 1945 ) INTRODUCTION George Smith Patton III was born on Nov 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California, USA. He was known as â€Å"Old Blood and Guts â€Å"and â€Å"Georgie â€Å". In 1909, he graduated from the U.S Military Academy at West Point and descendant of a Virginia family with a long military tradition. Patton became a keen student of the American Civil War (1861-1865), especially its great cavalry leaders , an interest that likely contributed to the strategy of bold , highlyRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pages The apocalypse happened so fast. In less than a month, monsters infested every part of this world. People panicked, people died. They clawed at each other just to get out of all the infested areas around the world. There was problem about fleeing from infested areas. Everywhere was infested. There was no where anyone could go without encountering the walking plague. You know that phrase War is Hell? Well... its dead wrong. War at least has some organization to it. What was faced in the lastRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United StatesRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 Pagesto 5 GCSE French OCR GCSE in French: J730 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Spoken Language: J030 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Written Language: J130 This Vocabulary List is designed to accompany the OCR GCSE French Specification for teaching from September 2009  © OCR 2010 Contents Contents French GCSE Vocabulary List French Vocabulary List General 2 3 5 12 12 21 28 28 31 36 36 37 40 40 42 48 48 51 Topic Area 1 Home and local area Life in the home; friends and relationships Local area,Read MoreEssay on The Glory and The Dream9497 Words   |  38 Pagesï » ¿The Glory and the Dream Questions Prologue 1. What was the Bonus Army? What occurred? Who was involved? a. The Bonus Army were soldiers returned from World War I who wanted a â€Å"bonus† immediately authorized by the Adjusted Compensation Act. The veterans marched up Pennsylvania Avenue to acquire their relief. However, MacArthur and Hoover stopped the veterans at their core in a final â€Å"battle† calling them â€Å"communists and persons with criminal records.† 2. What is Rugged Individualism? a.Read MoreCorporate Structure of Yamaha23785 Words   |  96 PagesOctober 28, 2010 Message from the President Management Emphasis on CSR Yamaha Corporation Group CSR Policy Group-wide Quality Management System Corporate Governan Compliance Group-wide Quality Assurance Structure Quality Management System Quality Risk Management Quality Improvement Measures Stronger Customer Support System Improving Convenience by Standardizing Customer Helpdesks Policies for Retained Earnings and Returns to Shareholders Proactive Investor Relations Efforts to PromoteRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 Pagesthe rules and leadership of the international system. And as the worlds largest country emerges not from within but outside the established post-World War II international order, it is a drama that will end with the grand ascendance of China and the onset of an Asian-centered world order. THE FUTURE OF CHINA AND NORTH ASIA MAINLAND CHINA, HONG KONG, TAIWAN, JAPAN, SOUTH AND NORTH KOREA. FROM HERE TO 2030 SUMMARY: Revision 2005 The global population of the North East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan

African Corruption free essay sample

This study intends to clearly show the extent to which Africa and Africans have been suffering from the ravages of corruption, fraud, and intentional mismanagement by their governments and their leaders, much to the disappointment and anger of the people. The impact of corruption on the lives of the people, the businesses, and the economy of any of the nations concerned has been studied by a number of authors, scholars, and worldwide institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF, and even donors (highly industrialized nations). Although Africa has a large share of the worlds raw material and mineral resources, African nations are by far the least developed and the poorest countries in the world. Robert Harris, in his book, Political Corruption In and Beyond the Nation State, (1990, p. 29,) introduced three themes. First, political corruption is an illegitimate extension of normal political activity. In trying to understand the central issue of corruption, one needs to understand the complex and intricate nature of corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on African Corruption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If we ask, what is â€Å"corruption†? The American Heritage English Language Dictionary (Pickett, 2000) defines corruption as â€Å"the art or process of corruption, the state of being corrupt, decay, and rot.† As indicated above, corruption comes in many forms. In the least developed countries (LDC’s) such as Africa, all types of corruption are prevalent. The following brief case histories of these three companies will present the magnitude of the scandals, corruption, and deceit these companies perpetrated on the unsuspecting public and their business partners. Other countries of the world have similar problems of corruption, fraud, and mismanagement. From time to time, stories appear about the corruption trial of a government official, a banker, or corporate head in other parts of the world. Doing Business in Africa and Other Non-Industrialized Nations, the basic tenets of the guiding principles are that corruption, dishonesty, and unethical behavior among public officials represent serious threats to the basic principles and values of government, undermining public confidence in democracy and threatening to erode the rule of law. The aim of these guiding principles is to promote public trust in the integrity of officials within the public sector by preventing, detecting, and prosecuting or sanctioning official corruption and unlawful dishonest or unethical behavior. Monsanto Co.: Settled an SEC complaint in January alleging that the company funneled more than $700,000 in corrupt payments to Indonesian government officials between 1997 and 2002. ExonMobil, Chevron Texaco, Marathon Oil, Devon Energy, and Amerada Hess, as well as several other oil companies: These reportedly are involved in SEC investigations into bribes allegedly paid to government officials in Equatorial Guinea. Public perception of police corruption stems mainly from instances where the public has come face to face with the vice as they interact with police in their discharge of duty. My personal experience also left me with no doubt that police corruption in South Africa was daunting task for the new democratic government of South Africa. While police brutality in Kenya is much less compared to that of the apartheid South Africa, the police corruption in Kenya is much more widespread and open. Corruption in the police force takes various forms and in various degrees of sophistication. Corruption in Kenya and more particularly among the police has reached unprecedented levels. Thieves have been set free from police cells because of corruption. The ministry of public works: This is the second most corrupt institution in Kenya. Finding found that this is the Ministry that has the highest rent corruption in Kenya. A large population of the Kenyan people expressed disgust at the corruption in this ministry. The corruption at the ministry of public works is more sophisticated than meets the eye. It is also in charge of construction of government residential houses and offices. The ministry houses the largest number of government employed Engineers, professionals, and Architects. It is actually a key ministry in any government.   Millions of shillings are spent in purchasing goods and services for the government. There was no good will from the establishment to deal with cases of corruption. Where genuine outside companies have been awarded contracts, big bribes were paid to the committee before the award. In one case a contractor has given a job to put up some government circles. The author discovered that this was done just to get free money as penalties from the government. The poor jobs that we have seen on our roads are a result of corruption. This makes the land law in Kenya, one of the most complicated land systems in the world. The Crown Lands Ordinance (Cap. 280) passed in 1915 defined crown land as â€Å"All public land including all land occupied by the native tribes of the protectorate and all land reserved for the use of the members of any native tribe.† All the land rights of the natives were ignored. After all and without exception, African customs recognized land rights. African communities saw land as a gift of God to every individual. That has been the root cause of land problems in this country. Nowhere in Africa is land such expensive commodity as it is in Kenya. A Kenyan who has no land will always work hard to buy himself land. Land and Corruption in Africa The Ministry of Lands is one of the most corrupt institutions in this country. Land Cartels Land allocations, is the biggest single activity that goes on at the Lands office, Nairobi. Here, the people of Kenya will spend as much time and spend as much money, to ensure that they have been allocated land. Income tax department: African Revenue Authority is the main government agency for collecting all government revenue. No government can run on its own without taxes. Money collected from taxes is what the government uses to provide public services like Education, Health, Infrastructure, security and policing, a forestation, public service employment, defence and many others. (Transparency International Report, 2006) You cannot tax people so highly and yet fail to provide services. Over Kenya Shillings 250 billion taxes, (Transparency International Report, 2006), are collected annually by the Kenya Revenue Authority. The African revenue authority has some of the best professionals in the public service. Corruption at the African Revenue Authority is a matter of great concern. There is corruption in the organization both corporate and individual taxpayers. With the present economic situation most business people are stressed out and depressed. Research revealed that there is massive corruption in the import and export sector. Tax evasion is very high in this sector and the government loses millions of shillings through fraud and tax evasion. It was found that tax officers collude with importers and exporters to avoid tax and deny the government the badly needed revenue. This area has provided a good breeding ground for corruption in the income tax department. Officers in the Revenue Authority come across these businesses every day. The government is losing a lot of revenue by leaving these sectors out.

The Power of Rewards at Industry International

Table of Contents Introduction Strategic Organizational Communication Organizational Structure of Industry International Changes in the Rule-Reward System Motivational Strategies Deployed Conclusion References Introduction The following paper provides a case study of the chapter â€Å"The Power of Rewards at Industry International† from the perspective of strategic organizational communication and how it applied in this instance (Conrad Poole 2005). The case study provides a definition of strategic organizational communication and highlights the organizational structure that the company Industry International operated under.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Power of Rewards at Industry International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case study also delineates the changes in the rule–reward system that triggered resistance in the workforce, and details the strategies that the empl oyees deployed to minimize resistance and add value to the rule–reward system. Finally, the case study lists the strategies used to motivate the employees, and concludes with insight as to why the employees changed. Strategic Organizational Communication Strategic organizational communication means that communication within an organization will have a focused agenda whereby policies are set, rules are enforced, modes of reward are defined and methods of attaining higher status within the organization are communicated formally and informally (Conrad Poole 2005). Within an organization such as Industry International for example, strategic organizational communication changes radically according to the stability of the bonus system, which is directly dependent on the economic health of the organization (Conrad Poole 2005). Informal strategic organizational communication therefore will be subtle, often non-verbal cues which communicate what behaviors the employees should adopt in order to sustain and grow their bonuses (Conrad Poole 2005). Organizational Structure of Industry International The organizational structure of Industry International is centralized; decisions that affect the entire organization are made by the top tier of management, and there is a pronounced division between management and workers (Conrad Poole 2005). The centralized nature of Industry International appears most readily in the area of bonuses, namely, how the year-end bonuses are allotted, and how much money the year-end bonuses consist of – both of these decisions are arbitrary and utterly dependent on a system created and maintained by the management chain of command (Conrad Poole 2005). According to Conrad and Poole (2005), the bonus system at Industry International operates on a system of merit points that is not standardized and remains highly susceptible to personal politics and interpretation (Conrad Poole 2005). â€Å"Merit points are based on output, qualit y, dependability, and personal characteristics. The first two can be quantified, leading employees to â€Å"work like dogs† until they are dangerously exhausted by long hours and difficult working conditions; the latter two cannot, creating a highly political atmosphere in the plant. Most echoed one worker’s conclusion that â€Å"if you don’t go along with the system [managers], you could be the hardest worker in the world†¦ and you would still be way short [on the bonus] because you have not gone with the flow and you would be blackballed, and they give you what they want to give you† (Conrad Poole 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes in the Rule-Reward System In the case study, changes in the rule–reward system that caused resistance occurred in the lowering of the annual bonuses, an action which was attributed to the recession (Conrad and Poole 2005) â€Å"Many workers lost their homes and cars because they were relying on large bonuses to pay mortgages and loans. Workers attributed the decline to many things, but primarily to management greed and incompetence—a â€Å"fat managerial level and more men at the top,† embezzlement, and mismanagement of overseas accounts† (Conrad and Poole 2005). The strategies that the workers considered to lesson resistance or add value to the rule–reward system included labor strikes, forming a union and in extreme cases workers threatened management with physical violence (Conrad and Poole 2005).The workers had grown accustomed to receiving the bonus from year to year and so many did not manage their money as strategically as they might have, assuming that the year-end bonuses would always come to bail out whatever expenses they had accrued over the course of the year (Conrad and Poole 2005). Motivational Strategies Deployed Initi ally the strategies deployed to motivate the Industry International workers were financial incentives (Conrad and Poole 2005). Industry International workers derived the bulk of their income from a year-end bonus; with this bonus, the workers earned â€Å"three times the average salary for U.S. manufacturing employees [though they were] not unionized†¦had no paid vacations, and†¦worked 45–50 hours per week†¦ From 1943 to 1994 the bonus percentage ranged from 55 percent to 104 percent; in 1994 it was 61 percent† (Conrad and Poole 2005).Other indirect motivational strategies occurred as a result of the financial motivation that the large bonuses created; these included elevated social status within the community, as evidenced by the following quotes from Industry International employees: â€Å"As soon as†¦friends and neighbors†¦find out you work [at Industry International], they think you have money coming out of your ears†¦ They think Iâ⠂¬â„¢m the richest SOB in the world†¦Years ago we made more money than professional football players† (Conrad and Poole 2005). Conclusion The motivational strategies changed as a result of the recession; with less money coming in, Industry International’s bonuses shrank considerably. Thereafter, the employees became aware of the limited options available to them based on their age, their level of education, and the fact that â€Å"high-paying manufacturing jobs are becoming very rare in the United States† (Conrad and Poole 2005). References Conrad, C., Poole, M. (2005). Strategic organizational communication in a global economy (6th ed.), Belmond, CA: Wadsworth. 66-107.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Power of Rewards at Industry International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on The Power of Rewards at Industry International was written and submitted by user Tanner Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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